語域（Registers）

在學習語言的時候，不妨掌握所謂語域（Registers）的東西，以助學習。

語域的劃分有很多種，一般來說，語域劃分可以分為三層：
R1: The most casual register of everyday colloquial speech
R2: A neutral register bridging more formal speech and some less formal types of writing
R3: The register of the written form of a language, with the typical complex and extensive vocabulary of the written medium.

也就是說，R1是口語用法，R2是標準的日常用法，R3是書面語體。R3也可以分為：
R3a: The literary language as established and laid down from the late 18th century on, having a rather archaic or scholarly ring, enjoying great prestige through formal education
R3b: Modern non-literary prose of all kinds, as found in the serious press, business letters, official documents, intruction manuals, written in science, philosophy, economics, etc., with the preference for noun constructions over verb constructions.

（參考 Martin Durrell, Using German: A Guide to Contemporary Usage, Chap. 1, pp. 1-40.）

但這些區別不是嚴格的，但大體上仍然是語言學習者應該掌握的，以求能夠準確在適當場合運用適當的言說方式。

在翻譯上，也應該根據風格上的不同，來遣詞造句，選擇適當的行文風格。

語言學習者一般來說會首先掌握R2層面的基本語言運用，然後慢慢掌握商業運用，書面運用，等等，追求R3b層面的語言運用。反而R1層面的俚語、簡化，我個人覺得未必太重要，去到外國，自然可以學會，不用刻意模仿。至於是否追求R3a層面的運用，這很在乎自己是否想要進入外語的文學世界，不過所需的精神努力也是最大的。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(linguistics)
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registre_de_langue



順便說說（以下的語域區分並非絕對）：

在德語來說，R1的發音跟標準發音有點不同，例如：
R1: gebm R3: geben [reduction of unstressed -en, and assimination]
R1: kommdn R3: kommenden
R1: un a is R3: und er ist [simpliifcation and assimination of consonant groups, esp. at the beginnings and ends of words]
R1: Norpol R3: Nordpol
R1: isse R3: ist sie [reduction of pronouns]
R1: kommste R3: kommst du
R1: da, di s n m R3: der die das den dem [reduction of articles and pronouns]
R1: mim, mitn R3: mit dem, mit den [articles fused with almost any preposition]
R1: ich komm R3: ich komme [unstressed -e dropped in verb endings]
R1: mild R3: milde [unstressed -e dropped in basic form of some adjectives]
R1: sechse R3: sechs [unstressed -e added in some numerals and other words]

R1 也有些文法上的差異：
- weak masculine nouns [no -en added]
- genetive case rare
- no vowel change in imperative of strong verbs
- wer for jemand
- definite article added with names
- confusion of wie and als
- double negatives
- tun used as auxiliary verb
- omission of zu after brauchen
- weil followed by main clause word order
- main clause used rather than relative
- extensiveuse of da to start sentences
- usw.

詞彙上也有不同：
R1: pleite R2: bekommen R3: empfangen, erhalten
R1: kriegen R2: sich beschweren R3: sich beklagen
R1: die Birne R2: der Kopf R3: das Haupt
...

（參考 Martin Durrell, Using German: A Guide to Contemporary Usage, Chap. 1, pp. 1-40.）